Exploring Schizophrenia Essay -- Psychology Mental Disorders Neurology

Exploring Schizophrenia Schizophrenia which affects approximately 1 percent of the population, usually begins before age 25 and persists throughout life. The illness is a life long debilitating condition for about 40% of patients and is enormously costly in both social and economic terms. Despite the presence of delusions, hallucinations and cognitive impairment which characterize the illness, overall life expectancy is not altered (although there is a significantly increased risk-of suicide in the early years). Schizophrenia is usually viewed as a functional psychosis, a label which implies that the symptoms arise from the disorderly activity of neurons without accompanying anatomical and pathological alterations of brain structure. This view is due to the failure of pathologists to find convincing pathological changes associated with the disease in the first seven decades of the century. Over the last ten years things have changed considerably. Recent CT and MRI scan, and also postmortem studies show that various brain areas of schizophrenic patients are altered. HISTORY The two key people in the history of Schizophrenia were Emil Kraepelin and Eugene Blealer. Kraepelin organized the seriously mentally ill patients by three diagnostic groups: dementia praecox, manic depressive psychosis, and paranoia. Kraeplin?s description of dementia praecox emphasize a chronic deteriorating course, in addition to including such clinical phenomena as hallucinations and delusions. Kraepelin reported that approximately 4% of his patients had complete recoveries and 13% had significant remissions. The term "manic depressive psychosis" identified patients who experienced episodes of illness separated by virtually complete remissio... .... C., Caroff, S.. Dann, R., Silver, F. L., Saykin. A/ J., Chawluk, J. B., Kushner, M., Reivich, M. Regional brain function in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 44:119, 1987- Grebb, J. A., Weinberger, D. R. and Wyatt, R. J. Schizophrenia. In Diseases of the nervous system, A. K. Asbury, G. M. McKhann, W. I. Mcdonald, editors, Vol. 2. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1986. Hamilton, M. Fish?s Clinical Psvchopathology, ed. 2, Wright, Bristol, 1985. Henn, F. A., Naerallah, H. A,, editors: Schizophrenia as a Brain Disease. Oxford, New York, 1982. Naerallah, H. A., Weinberger, D. R. The Neurology of Schizophrenia, In Handbook of Schizophrenia, H. A. Nasrallah, editor, Vol. 1., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986. Roberts, G. W. and Bruton, C. J. Notes from the graveyard: neuropathology and schizophrenia. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 16: 3-16, 1990.

How and Why does Macbeth Turn from War Hero to Murderer? Essay

The tragedy â€Å"Macbeth† was written by William Shakespeare at the beginning of the seventeenth century. In that period, people were highly preoccupied by witchcraft. It was a controversial topic, as King James himself was interested in the issue. This Zeitgeist given, it seemed like a good way for Shakespeare to start his play in the spirit of three witches making predictions, as it would guarantee the tragedy’s appeal to the general public and the king. We are therefore presented, in Act 1, scene 1, with three witches in a deserted place. They plot to meet Macbeth and make predictions about the future. Some of the representative lines which potentially lie behind the further action are â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair: / Hover through the fog and filthy air,† (Act 1, scene 1). One interpretation of this is the imminent change set to happen in the universe, the transition of the good into bad and the bad into good. The play is set during the battle between the Scottish army and Norway, around the beginning of the eleventh century. Some of the main characters of the play are real. Duncan I was King of Scotland in that period, one of his generals being Macbeth. What actually hapenned in the real world back then is very similar to the storyline. Macbeth killed the king, but eventually got murdered himself by Malcom, who was one of the king’s sons. The elementary difference between the play and history is the personality of the characters. The actual Duncan wasn’t very popular, while Macbeth ruled Scotland well. Initially, the character of Macbeth is introduced as a war hero, well respected by his fellows and as a man of honour, appreciated by the king himself who was at the same time his first cousin, â€Å"O valiant cousin! / Worthy gentleman!† (Act 1, scene 2). As the three witches make predictions about Macbeth’s future, that he will become thane of Cawdor and then king, he is reluctant and can’t believe his ears, challenging the witches’ reason, â€Å"But how of Cawdor? the thane of Cawdor lives / A prosperous gentleman; and to be king / Stands not within the prospect of belief,† (Act 1, scene 3). Despite this, he is interested to find out more, â€Å"Speak, I charge you,† showing that he is prepared to believe in the supernatural and deceive his own knowledge and conscience. After the earliest prophecy becomes true, the thought of murder crosses Macbeth’s mind for the first time, â€Å"If good, why do I yield to that suggestion / Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, / And make my seated heart knock at my ribs, / Against the use of nature? Present fears / Are less than horrible imaginings: / My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, / Shakes so my single state of man that function / Is smothered in surmise, and nothing is / But what is not,† (Act 1, scene 3). Macbeth is scared of his own thoughts and what his conscience might make him do. Trying to escape the horrible situation of making a decision, he thinks that, if it is meant for him to be king, he doesn’t have to do anything himself, â€Å"If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, / Without my stir,† (Act 1, scene 3). Struggling with his conscience, Macbeth asks the natural elements to hide his ambitions, â€Å"Stars, hide your fires! / Let not light see my black and deep desires: / The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be / Which the eye fears, when it is done, to see,† (Act 1, scene 4). When lady Macbeth receives a letter from her husband, announcing his new title and the witches’ predictions, her reaction is cold and unexpected, portraying her as a villain of particular dimensions. In the subsequent soliloquy, she somewhat accuses Macbeth of being too good, by the notorious line, â€Å"†¦ yet do I fear thy nature; / It is too full o’th’ milk of human kindness,† (Act 1, scene 5). She then promptly decides to influence Macbeth to commit murder, â€Å"Hie thee thither, / That I may pour my spirits in thine ear,† (Act 1, scene 5) as she believes that what the witches have said is going to become true and is destined for the main character, â€Å"Which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem / To have thee crowned withal,† (Act 1, scene 5). As soon as Macbeth and lady Macbeth meet, she presents him with her ambitious plans. Initially, he’s firm about not willing to go on with the deed of murdering Duncan, â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business,† (Act 1, scene 7) realising that the king has honoured him very recently and it would be a good idea to take advantage of the respect he has earned from many people, rather than ending it so brusquely, â€Å"He hath honoured me of late, and I have bought / Golden opinions from all sorts of people, / Which would be worn now in their newest gloss, / Not cast aside so soon,† (Act 1, scene 7). It is impressive how little it takes for Macbeth to change his opinion. His wife plays the love, promise and manhood cards which prove to be winning, â€Å"Was the hope drunk / Wherein you dressed yourself? [†¦] From this time / Such I account thy love. [†¦] And live a coward in thine own esteem, / Letting â€Å"I dare not† wait upon â€Å"I wo uld†,† (Act 1, scene 7). Eventually, lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to murder Duncan, â€Å"I am settled,† (Act 1, scene 7). Both the witches and lady Macbeth are extraneous elements from Macbeth’s point of view. He can’t control their existence and influences and, finally, he’s left with himself to decide what to do next. Only a weak mind could be manipulated by the witches and lady Macbeth, and having a weak mind is hardly an acceptable excuse for a respected character like Macbeth. Therefore, I believe it is ultimately his own fault for committing the deed and it was his corrupted mind that lead him from a prosperous gentleman to a horrid criminal.

Global Economic And Financial Crisis - 2519 Words

Many lessons were learned from the aftermath of 2008 global economic and financial crisis. One of them was the effect that foreign direct investments (FDI) had on the global economy, particularly on developing countries. By definition, an FDI is an â€Å"investment that involves some ownership and/or operating control. The foreign residents are usually multinational corporations (MNCs)† (Cohn 412). The market crash drastically altered the nature of FDI. After consistent growth between 2003 and 2007, investments in developed countries experienced a steep fall, suffering from about a 29 per cent drop. In contrast, investments in developing countries skyrocketed, peaking at an about 43 per cent increase (UNCTAD 2009). However, more revealing than the unexpected turn of events was the way FDI significantly affected, and was affected by the status of the global economy – showing further importance to one type of economic entity that naturally comes with FDI, multinational corporations. This paper will argue that the ever-constantly increasing presence and influence of MNCs prove that they are entitled to be considered as legitimate global political actors. Despite the considerable negative connotation that MNCs have garnered, their undeniable enormity and influence in generating the flow of FDI, their contribution in hastening the distribution of technology and knowledge throughout the globe, and their status as the absolute major player in modernization and globalization throughShow MoreRelatedGlobal Economic And Financial Crisis Essay840 Words   |  4 Pagesacceleration of overall economic growth over the past decade (until the onset of the global economic and financial crisis) has been accompanied by a significant acceleration in the growth of credit in the economy. This broad trend suggests that high economic growth has been accompanied by financial deepening. However, despite such expansion of the financial sector, increasing concern has been expressed on financial inclusion in recent years (Mohan, 2012)1. One of the key feature of financial deepening is thatRead MoreFinancial Crises And Its Effects On Global Economic Crisis1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe 2007-2008 Financial Crisis- Its Causes and the Involvement of the FED The financial crises that occurred in 2007-2008 had such a big impact on the world that it is now considered a global financial crisis (GFC) or global economic crisis. It is commonly believed that it began in July 2007 with the credit crunch; U.S. investors lost trust in the value of subprime mortgages which caused a liquidity crisis. This had the effect that the U.S. Federal Bank injected a large amount of capital into theRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis And Its Impact On Economic Policy And Outcomes1402 Words   |  6 PagesFinancialisation is the process in which financial institutions/markets increase in size and gain greater influence over economic policy and outcomes (Palley, 2007).Another link to financialisation is high degree of leverage. This is because with leverage, you can get a loan for 9/10s of the money, so you only need a small portion, and you are able to make lots of profit. Leverage is linked to financialisation in a sense that if it works, you get lots of profit with a working system, however if itRead MoreImpact Of The Economic Disruptions Caused By The Global Financial Crisis Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom 2007 to 2009 to ensure inclusion of the effects of the economic disruption caused by the global financial crisis in their study of SCRM and resilience. Academic studies follow significant events. For instance, peaks in published scholarly journal articles on SCRM occurred following disruptions, in 2004 following 9-11 and again in 2009 following the global recession (Ghadge et al., 2012). Data required for variables Company financial information from annual reports will deliver required data toRead MoreEssay on The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Economic Growth4072 Words   |  17 PagesEconomic growth The impact of the Global Financial Crisis on economic growth As a result of the global recession, Australia’s GDP was forecasted to contract by 0.5% in 2009-10 in comparison to other advanced economies which were expected to contract by 3.75% in the same year. However minor the reductions in GDP, it was evident that Australia was not exempt from the global recession although is better placed and is expected to perform better than almost all other OECD economies. The global recessionRead MoreNarrative Interview : The Global Economic Climate During The 2008 Global Financial Crisis ( Gfc )1083 Words   |  5 Pagesfather, James Trainor as the ideal candidate to provide a comprehensive recount of the global economic climate during the 2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC). And how his experiences of economic fluctuations and policies during the GFC changed his perspectives and understandings of macroeconomic decisions, as well as their effects on the modern world. At the time of the Global Financial Crisis, James was the Global Head of Employ ment Tax for the Macquarie Group, one of Australia’s largest investmentRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis : A Social And Economic System Driven By Network Technologies3327 Words   |  14 PagesRachel Botsman, defines collaborative consumption as â€Å"a social and economic system driven by network technologies that enable the sharing and exchange of assets from spaces to skills to cars in ways and on a scale never possible before† (2012). In this peer economy access is as convenient as ownership, which is attractive to many for economic, environmental, and lifestyle reasons. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, hundreds of companies have been founded to facilitate peer-to-peerRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Financial Crisis1122 Words   |  5 Pagesreceivables and other financial assets are pooled together, with their cash flows or economic values redirected support payments on related securities.† â€Å"Securitization first emerged in the 1970s with the sale of securities backed by residential mortIn the 21st century, economic problems have incurred an increasing number of people s attention as the economic develop rapidly, and these problems are usually caused by human themselves. For instance, the occurrence of Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in 2007Read MoreThe Global Financial Crisis Of Broward College920 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Paper: The Global Financial Crisis Michelle Beira Broward College There have been few financial crises in the United States. The Global Financial Crisis of 2008 to 2009 was the most recent and before that was The Great Depression of the 1930s. The Global Financial Crisis actually began in 2007 when prices of homes tanked. It not only affected the U.S. but it also affected economies overseas. The entire investment banking industry, some of the biggest insurance companies, enterprisesRead MoreFinancial Crisis Of A Single Country1671 Words   |  7 Pages Table of Contents Summary 2 Financial crisis 3 Impact of financial crisis 4 Effect of financial crisis on different on the economies of different countries 5 Mathematical problems 6 Conclusiom 8 References ..................................................................................................................................................9 Summary Financial crisis has long been a part of global economic recession throughout the history. Here, the purpose of this assignment