How Old is a Star

Astronomers have a few tools to study stars that let them figure out relative ages, such as looking at their temperatures and brightness. In general, reddish and orange stars are older and cooler, while blueish white stars are hotter and younger. Stars like the Sun can be considered middle-aged since their ages lie somewhere between their cool red elders and their hot younger siblings.  The general rule is that hotter and much more massive stars, such as the blueish stars show in this image, are likely to live shorter lives. But, what clues exist to tell astronomers how long those lives will be? This region of space contains very hot, young stars. How long they live and how they die tells a lot about the life cycles of stars across the cosmos. The very massive star R136a1 lies in this star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud (a neighbor galaxy to the Milky Way). NASA/ESA/STScI Theres an extremely useful tool that astronomers can use to figure out ages of stars that ties directly into how old the star is. It uses the spin rate of a star (that is, how fast it spins on its axis). As it turns out, stellar spin rates slow down as stars age. That fact intrigued a research team at Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, led by astronomer Soren Meibom. They decided to construct a clock that can measure the stellar spins and thus determine the stars age. Why Is Knowing a Stars Age Important? Being able to tell the ages of stars is the basis for understanding how astronomical phenomena involving stars and their companions unfold over time. Knowing a stars age is important for many reasons having to do with star formation rates in galaxies  as well as the formation of planets.   Artists concept of a protoplanetary disk around a newly formed star. NASA Its also particularly relevant to the search for signs of alien life outside our solar system. It has taken a long time for life on Earth to attain the complexity we find today. With an accurate stellar clock, astronomers can identify stars with planets that are as old as our Sun or older. The Spin of a Star Tells the Tale A stars spin rate depends on its age because it slows down steadily with time, like a top spinning on a table slows down after a few minutes. A stars spin also depends on its mass. Astronomers have found that larger, heavier stars tend to spin faster than smaller, lighter ones. There is a close mathematical relationship between mass, spin, and age. Measure the first two, and its relatively easy to calculate the third. An artist impression of a white dwarf star in orbit with pulsar PSR J2222-0137. It may be the coolest and dimmest white dwarf ever identified. The spin rate of this star gives astronomers clues to its aging process. B. Saxton (NRAO/AUI/NSF) This method was first proposed in 2003, by astronomer Sydney Barnes of the Leibniz Institute for Physics in Germany. Its called gyrochronology from the Greek words gyros (rotation), chronos (time/age), and logos (study). For gyrochronology ages to be accurate and precise, astronomers must calibrate their new stellar clocks by measuring the spin periods of stars with both known ages and masses. Meibom and his colleagues previously studied a cluster of billion-year-old stars. This new study examines stars in the 2.5-billion-year-old cluster known as NGC 6819, thereby significantly extending the age range. To measure a stars spin is not an easy task. No one can tell just by looking at a star how fast its turning. So, astronomers look for changes in its brightness caused by dark spots on its surface—the stellar equivalent of sunspots. Those are part of the Suns normal activit and can be tracked just as starspots can. Unlike our Sun, however, a distant star is an unresolved point of light. So, astronomers cant directly see a sunspot cross the stellar disk. Instead, they watch for the star to dim slightly when a sunspot appears, and brighten again when the sunspot rotates out of view. These changes are very difficult to measure because a typical star dims by much less than 1 percent. And, time is an issue. For the Sun, it can take days for a sunspot to cross the stars face. The same is true of stars with starspots. Some scientists have gotten around that by using data from NASAs planet-hunting  Kepler spacecraft, which provided precise and continuous measurements of stellar brightnesses. One team examined more stars weighing 80 to 140 percent as much as the Sun. They were able to measure the spins of 30 stars with periods ranging from 4 to 23 days, compared to the present 26-day spin period of the Sun. The eight stars in NGC 6819 most similar to the Sun have an average spin period of 18.2 days, strongly implying that the Suns period was about that value when it was 2.5 billion years old (about 2 billion years ago). The team then evaluated several existing computer models that calculate the spin rates of stars, based on their masses and ages, and determined which model best matched their observations. Fast Facts Spin rate helps astronomers determine information about the age and evolution of a star.Researchers continually study spin rates to understand how different types of stars change through time.Our Sun, like other stars, spins on its axis.

Essay on No Blood Transfusion for Jehovahs Witnesses

Jehovahs witnesses’ faith allows them to seek medical help; however, they do not accept blood transfusions. This belief arises from a biblical passage that states Only flesh with its soul- its blood-you must not eat (Genesis 9:3-4), You must not eat the blood of any sort of flesh, because the soul of every sort of flesh is its blood. I will set my face against that person who eats blood...Anyone eating it will be cut off† (Leviticus 17:10, 13-14). These passages are interpreted by Jehovahs witnesses as forbidding the transfusion of any blood products. The following presentation will address legal and ethical issues that can arise from this scenario. Keywords: Jehovah’s Witness, blood transfusion, blood, faith. Administration†¦show more content†¦Jehovah’s Witnesses respect their religion and their beliefs and many strongly adhere to them because of the many consequences that they may face. Jehovah’s Witness believe that if they accept blood products, they will suffer severe consequences. Some of the consequences Jehovah’s Witness believe they will encounter include lack of spiritual purpose, relationship with God will be damaged and they will be expelled from their congregation (Jehovah’s Witnesses, 2000). Many parents face the worse decision when a child is involved. The following scenario explores the legal and ethical decisions involved with a pediatric patient. A six year old boy suffering from Sickle cell anemia is brought to the hospital with a crisis. During a sickle cell anemia crisis, red blood cells are damaged and they are unable to deliver oxygen to the body. The standard treatment is oxygen, hydration, blood replacements and exchange transfusion (Anita, 2006). The pediatric patient was admitted in critical condition and a blood transfusion is necessary. Parents stated they want to save their child and will accept any type of treatment except for blood products. Adults have the right to refuse any type of treatment including blood products. Nurses are there to support and advocate for the patient and to assist and support the patient when other methods of treatment are chosen. Parents with full custodyShow MoreRelatedNursing : The Protection, Promotion, And Optimization Of Health And Abilities1479 Words   |  6 Pageswouldn’t you want to get treated? In nursing school I learned that people have religious beliefs that sometimes prevents them from getting some type of medical help just like the Jehovah’s Witnesses. In this Reflective project I will concentrate on the medical issues of Jehovah’s Witnesses who refuse blood transfusions because of their religious beliefs and the affect it has on nurses whose jobs are to help, care, and save their patients lives. 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This is based upon four passages in the Bible which prohibit the consuming of blood: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Genesis 9:4 quot;But flesh (meat) with...blood...ye shall not eatquot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Leviticus 17:12-14 quot;...No soul of you shall eat blood...whosoever eateth it shall be cut offquot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Acts 15:29Read MoreJehovah s Witness And Blood Transfusion935 Words   |  4 PagesJehovah’s Witness and Blood Transfusion Ruta Urbstaite Framingham State University Abstract The purpose of this paper is to identify the characteristics, values and beliefs of Jehovah’s Witness group. It will discuss their reasoning for refusal to accept blood transfusions. The paper will elaborate on the best approach to offer appropriate care, advice and education while treating patients with respect in regards to their religious beliefs. 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Cultural differences can present a specific challenge during surgery such as Jehovah’s Witnesses’ beliefs on blood transfusion. Culture difference can challenge one’s own personal beliefs and alter the care they provide such as gender reassignment. Language Barriers. It is estimated that the over 24 million people in the United States speak a differentRead MoreBlood Transfusion Case Study1539 Words   |  7 Pagesrefusal of blood transfusion by the patient or patient’s relatives. Blood transfusion or not is a crucial issue which creates a moral and legal dilemma for the health system; sometimes dealing with such situation takes extra time and energy. Nevertheless, doctors and nurses are obliged to provide the specific preferences and management treatment. Case study According to a case report from the Hastings Center (Orr, 2007), Joy is a thirteen-year-old from a family with a strong Jehovah’s Witness tradition

A Glimpse at Bernard Maybeck Architectural Works Free Essays

Just imagine looking at a full scale drawing? Well that was just one of Maybeck’s ways of studying his design. His works are blend of possibility and actuality and the reason why the blending of unrelated styles became a success in his works (Matthews, 2008). His love on experimenting designs is very much seen in his Buena Vista Way studio because it looks like a laboratory and at the same time a house. We will write a custom essay sample on A Glimpse at Bernard Maybeck Architectural Works or any similar topic only for you Order Now This visionary Architect and described as the Gothic man of the 20th Century believes that every architectural problem requires an original solution. He addresses the housing crisis during the World War 1 by making generic floor plans called small houses or the workers houses. Most of his house design works infused the garden with the house structure. He never uses one type of specifications for the finishes but leave it to his Clients to make the decision. However, most of his works are made up of wood and timber (see photo of a community hall on page 3) for which reason why some of his drawings did not came into reality because of the scarcity of lumber and failure on the part of the timber supplier. Design Studio Small House The gauge of success for a famous work is its revival when Bill Buchanan an architect whom he mentored enlivens his heritage in Oregon by adopting Maybeck standards for the design of 1000 dwellings on a steep hill on a 630 Acre land parcel near Harbor Hill. Bill Buchanan believes that his mentor ideas are still in proportion of meeting the requirements for affordable housing. Maybeck’s flexibility 80 years ago can now be answered by the existing technology when at the time of his mentor’s life is quite difficult to undertake for example, the inclusion of garden on rooftops which makes a plant difficult to tend and the bedroom oriented towards the sky when ninety years ago is inconvenient due to the lack of technology with regards to thermal protection for buildings. Keith Pepper Brooklyn city council member also believes in the potential of the revival of the famous Californian Architect by persuading that good designs are an economic potential (Week, 2000). Recently the Oregon’s Department of Transportation rerouted part of Highway 101 which will allow part of downtown to return to Maybeck’s original plan and provision of funding for the reconstruction of the design. How to cite A Glimpse at Bernard Maybeck Architectural Works, Papers

Atheism Essay Example For Students

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Language selection:-If you have accidentally installed WinACE with the wrong language setting, you canreselect the desired language by launching WinACE with the additional parameter PLfrom the command line: WINACE.EXE PL *ENTER*Technical requirements:WinAce requires version 4.71 (or higher) of the system file COMCTL32.DLL. This file is usually installed by default with Microsofts Internet Explorer4.x and Windows 98. You can obtain the latest version of this DLL at Microsofts website athttp://www.microsoft.com/msdownload/ieplatform/ie/comctrlx86.asp (approx. 400k). BibliographyMicrosoft Office for Windows 95Using Office Binders to Combine DocumentsIf you have a project that involves several different types of documents, for example, a cover letter written in Word, a financial statement prepared with Microsoft Excel, and a presentation in PowerPoint, it might be easier and more efficient to store the documents together in a Binder. Binders provide a very easy way to work on a document using the full capabilities of the application without removing the document from the Binder. The advantages to using Binders include:+ Each document stored in a Binder becomes a section in the Binder. You can open and save the Binder and the sections it contains as a single document, and you can print the Binder as a whole. You can apply styles and use spell checking in all the sections, set specific properties for the whole Binder such as page orientation, and route the entire Binder through electronic mail to coworkers. + You can organize Binder sections in whatever order you like, and you can apply continuous page numbering and headers and footers that run throughout. + A number of ready-to-use Binder templates are supplied with Microsoft Office. Use Binder templates to quickly create a consistent look for all the sections of a Binder. To locate the Binder templates, click New Binder (File menu) and then click the Binders tab. + If you create a Binder format that you want to use as the basis for more than one project, you can save it as a template. + You can easily reorganize sections in a Binder, and you can quickly add and remove Binder sections. Because Binders are designed to help you organize and manage related documents, some application features are unavailable while working within the Binder. For example, the Binder has a Status Bar to display information about the sections of the Binder, so the individual application Status Bars are turned off to avoid confusion. For example, since the Microsoft Excel AutoCalculate feature is on the Microsoft Excel Status Bar, it is unavailable inside the Binder. The following features must be used outside the Binder. To work outside the Binder, click View Outside (Section menu). To return the document to the Binder, drag it into the left pane of the Binder window. If the Binder window is not divided into left and right panes, click the button to the left of the File menu. + If you want to view a Binder section in Print Preview, open the section outside the Binder. .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c , .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c .postImageUrl , .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c , .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c:hover , .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c:visited , .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c:active { border:0!important; } .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c:active , .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2da3f6f8d5b66668a319052b9c30aa1c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Academic Qualification Ensures Success in Life Essay+ The PowerPoint status bar does not display when a PowerPoint document is a section in a Binder. If you want to display the PowerPoint status bar, open the PowerPoint section outside the Binder. + If you want to use the Microsoft Excel AlwaysCalc feature, shared lists, or templates, work with the section outside the Binder. + When working in a Microsoft Excel section, the changes you make to the screen view (View tab, Options command, Tools menu) will not be saved when you save the Binder. + You can run macros in Binder however, you must edit macros outside the Binder. To do this, click the section that contains the macro, click View Outside (Section menu), and then edit the macro in the application in which you created it. To return the document to the Binder, click Save And Update All and then click Close And Return To . + If you notice that some of the customized toolbars, macros, or AutoText entries in your Word document are not working in a Binder, simply copy the template they are stored in, which is attached to the document, to the folder with the Binder.